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HCM City puppet troupe marks 30th anniversary of foundation

The People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City awarded certificates of merit to members of the Ho Chi Minh City Puppet Troupe who have made outstanding contribution in the puppet art at the ceremony celebrating 30th anniversary of the foundation of the troupe yesterday.

The Department of Culture and Information of the city also gave badges to 25 individuals who have worked have a strong attachment to the troupe for many years.

The Ho Chi Minh City Puppet Troupe has attracted the public with nearly 300 plays and toured to the remote areas across the country during 30 years.

The troupe also traveled to foreign countries including Canada, the U.S, Singapore, Thailand, China and others to introduce the Vietnamese typical kind of art.

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Largest M’Nong-Viet dictionary published in Dak Nong

The province of Dak Nong has published a M’Nong-Viet dictionary with over 10,000 words for the first time, after two years of doing research and editing printed material. This is considered the biggest M’Nong dictionary in Tay Nguyen (Central Highlands).

Since 2005, the Dak Nong provincial People’s Committee has invested almost VND700 million in carrying out the scientific project to “improve M’Nong letters and edit the M’Nong-Viet dictionary”. The project was carried out by the Dak Nong Department of Education and Training in coordination with the Linguistics Research Centre under the Southern Institute of Social Sciences.

The dictionary was designed to build a system of standard M’Nong letters so that they can be used widely in the mass media, particularly, in the M’Nong community, particularly by Vietnamese teaching and learning the M’Nong language at boarding schools.

The dictionary would contribute to increasing the quality of education, preserving the history and culture of the M’Nong ethnic group, and improving the material and spiritual lives of the M’Nong and other ethnic minority people living in the Central Highlands.

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Age-old architecture

Nha la mai, a type of house with a double-roof, is one of the special architectural features of central Vietnam.

According to a French researcher in the 1930s double roof houses only existed in the central Binh Dinh and Quang Tri provinces.

New research has also uncovered the houses in Quang Nam and Quang Ngai provinces.

New discovery

More than 70 years ago, Pierre Gourou, a French expert in geology and humanities who worked for the Vien Vien Dong Bac Co (French School of the Far East), conducted a survey on houses in Vietnam.

The survey focused on the north and middle areas of the central region, from Thanh Hoa to Binh Dinh provinces, aiming to differentiate between the two architectural styles on opposite sides of the Gianh River.

In his study, the French scientist asserted that double-roof houses were concentrated in Binh Dinh and Quang Tri provinces.

It was not until the year 2000 that painter Nguyen Thuong Hy from the Quang Nam Province’s Center for Heritage and Relic Preservation, who has 30 years experience in measuring and drawing ancient houses, discovered many double-roof houses built before the 1940s in Quang Nam’s Nui Thanh, Tam Ky and Tien Phuoc districts.

The prize of the find—Nguyen Huynh Anh’s house in Tien Phuoc— is over 120 years old and well-preserved by generations of the family.

The residence gained particular notoriety after Anh refused to sell it to Ngo Dinh Diem, the Saigon regime’s president from 1955-1963.

In a recent survey on architecture in Vietnam’s rural areas, experts from the Vietnam Institute of Architecture Research unearthed many double-roof houses aged between 70-100 years on Ly Son Island of Quang Ngai Province.

They also discerned that the roofs of houses here are steeper than those of houses in Quang Nam.

Modern adaptations

According to experts, double-roof houses reflect the local style of architecture.

On the southern bank of the Gianh River, the roofs point south-ward and bear a cross-inheritance between the Vietnamese and Cham people.

Most houses are built in areas with the sultriest weather far from water sources and tile kilns, especially in Quang Nam which abounds with jackfruit wood and has many skillful carpenters.
Since the 1940s, the double-roofs of many houses in Quang Nam have been changed.
The upper thatch-roof and lower earth-roof are replaced by tile roofs.
House-owners change the roofs to avoid fire because these age-old houses of jackfruit wood are prone to burn due to carelessness and lightning.

The clay walls have been replaced by other materials.

With their historical and cultural values, double-roof houses represent a unique artifact of the central region.

This style of architecture, now in danger of vanishing, should be carefully preserved for future generations to enjoy.

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Main activities of Vietnam Museum of Ethnology in 2008

One of the main tasks of the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology in 2008 is to prepare for the exhibition on Southeast Asian cultures, including collecting objects and documents in Myanmar, Brunei and Singapore, and preparing the texts for displays and the lighting system.

The museum is currently focusing on collecting photos and videos related to 7 exhibit subjects (textiles, everyday life, social life, handicraft, manuscripts, art performances, and religion of Southeast Asian peoples – except Vietnam). Life and cultural aspects that connect to real objects are also needed. Initially, tens of books and approximately 200 pages of documents and 150 photos have been found through searching in libraries and the Internet.

In 2008, the museum will also organize other exhibitions on Lai Xa village and modern religious culture in Vietnam, activities during the traditional Tet holiday, Mid-autumn festival, and water puppetry performances.

In addition, the museum will continue to implement projects to preserve objects and photos, and preserve and promote heritages in the museum.

The museum has been collecting objects relating to the highway No 9 in the stystem of the East-West economic corridor, which passes through Vietnam’s central Quang Tri province and Lao’s Savanakhet province. In Quang Tri province, a delegation from the museum will work with three ethnic minority groups, including Bru-Van Kieu, Ta-oi and Kinh in Da Krong, Huong Hoa and Cam Lo districts. In Savanakhet, they will work with several ethnic villages of Tri, Ma-coong, Ca-tang, Xuoi, Phu Thay and Laos in Se Pon, Muong Phin, Phalaxay and Se No districts. These working trips will research the effects of the Highway No 9 on economic and socio-cultural life to prepare for an exhibition at the museum in 2009. Earlier, four such trips were carried out.

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All information about Vietnam

This page was last updated on 13 December, 2007

Legend: Definition Field Listing Rank Order

Introduction

Vietnam

Background:

The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Vietnam declared independence after World War II, but France continued to rule until its 1954 defeat by Communist forces under Ho Chi MINH. Under the Geneva Accords of 1954, Vietnam was divided into the Communist North and anti-Communist South. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under Communist rule. Despite the return of peace, for over a decade the country experienced little economic growth because of conservative leadership policies. However, since the enactment of Vietnam's "doi moi" (renovation) policy in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have committed to increased economic liberalization and enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The country continues to experience protests from various groups - such as the Protestant Montagnard ethnic minority population of the Central Highlands and the Hoa Hao Buddhists in southern Vietnam over religious persecution. Montagnard grievances also include the loss of land to Vietnamese settlers.

Geography

Vietnam

Location:	Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia
Geographic coordinates:	16 00 N, 106 00 E
Map references:	Southeast Asia
Area:	total: 329,560 sq km land: 325,360 sq km water: 4,200 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly larger than New Mexico
Land boundaries:	total: 4,639 km border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
Coastline:	3,444 km (excludes islands)
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate:	tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Terrain:	low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m
Natural resources:	phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Land use:	arable land: 20.14% permanent crops: 6.93% other: 72.93% (2005)
Irrigated land:	30,000 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards:	occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta
Environment - current issues:	logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:	extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point

People

Vietnam

Population:	85,262,356 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 26.3% (male 11,617,032/female 10,784,264) 15-64 years: 67.9% (male 28,711,464/female 29,205,498) 65 years and over: 5.8% (male 1,919,138/female 3,024,960) (2007 est.)
Median age:	total: 26.4 years male: 25.3 years female: 27.6 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.004% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:	16.63 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:	6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:	-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.077 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.983 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.634 male(s)/female total population: 0.982 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 24.37 deaths/1,000 live births male: 24.76 deaths/1,000 live births female: 23.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 71.07 years male: 68.27 years female: 74.08 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:	1.89 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.4% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	220,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	9,000 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:	degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and plague are high risks in some locations animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease: leptospirosis note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
Nationality:	noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese
Ethnic groups:	Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome 1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)
Religions:	Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%, Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, none 80.8% (1999 census)
Languages:	Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 90.3% male: 93.9% female: 86.9% (2002 est.)

Government

Vietnam

Country name:	conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam conventional short form: Vietnam local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam local short form: Viet Nam abbreviation: SRV
Government type:	Communist state
Capital:	name: Hanoi geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:	59 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thanh pho, singular and plural) provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Duong, Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh
Independence:	2 September 1945 (from France)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Constitution:	15 April 1992
Legal system:	based on communist legal theory and French civil law system has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Nguyen Minh TRIET (since 27 June 2006); Vice President Nguyen Thi DOAN (since 25 July 2007) head of government: Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 27 June 2006); Permanent Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Sinh HUNG (since 28 June 2006), Deputy Prime Minister Hoang Trung HAI (since 2 August 2007), Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Thien NHAN (since 2 August 2007), Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia KHIEM (since 28 June 2006), and Deputy Prime Minister Truong Vinh TRONG (since 28 June 2006) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime minister and confirmed by National Assembly elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for five-year term; last held 27 June 2006 (next to be held in 2011); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister; appointment of prime minister and deputy prime ministers confirmed by National Assembly election results: Nguyen Minh TRIET elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 94%; Nguyen Tan DUNG elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - 92%
Legislative branch:	unicameral National Assembly or Quoc Hoi (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 20 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2012) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPV 450, non-party CPV-approved 42, self-nominated 1; note - 493 candidates were elected; CPV and non-party CPV-approved delegates were members of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front
Judicial branch:	Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)
Political parties and leaders:	Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc MANH]; other parties proscribed
Political pressure groups and leaders:	groups advocate democracy but are not recognized by government - 8406 Bloc; Democratic Party of Vietnam or DPV; People's Democratic Party Vietnam or PDP-VN; Alliance for Democracy (2006)
International organization participation:	ACCT (observer), APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador (Appointed) Le Cong PHUNG chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737 FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917 consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:	chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. MICHALAK embassy: 7 Lang Ha Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [84] (4) 850-5000 FAX: [84] (4) 850-5010 consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City
Flag description:	red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Economy

Vietnam

Economy - overview:	Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress toward a market-oriented economy. GDP growth averaged 6.8% per year from 1997 to 2004 even against the background of the Asian financial crisis and a global recession, and growth hit 8% in 2005 and 7.8% in 2006. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in 2003. Vietnam joined the WTO in January 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. This should provide an important boost to the economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing reforms. Among other benefits, accession allows Vietnam to take advantage of the phase-out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO partners on 1 January 2005. Agriculture's share of economic output has continued to shrink, from about 25% in 2000 to 20% in 2006. Deep poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $1 per day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of China, India, and the Philippines. Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. Vietnamese authorities have tightened monetary and fiscal policies to stem high inflation. Hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of 7.5-8% during the next five years.
GDP (purchasing power parity):	$262.5 billion (2006 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):	$48.43 billion (2006 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	8.2% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):	$3,100 (2006 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 20% industry: 41.9% services: 38.2% (2006 est.)
Labor force:	44.58 million (2006 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture: 56.8% industry: 37% services: 6.2% (July 2005)
Unemployment rate:	2% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line:	19.5% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 28.9% (2004)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	37 (2004)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	7.5% (2006 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	32.3% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $15.97 billion expenditures: $16.72 billion (2006 est.)
Public debt:	43.8% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products:	paddy rice, coffee, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; poultry; fish, seafood
Industries:	food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, paper
Industrial production growth rate:	11.3% (2006 est.)
Electricity - production:	51.33 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:	45.46 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2005)
Oil - production:	400,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - consumption:	230,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA bbl/day
Oil - imports:	NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves:	3.3 billion bbl (1 January 2006)
Natural gas - production:	3.836 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:	3.836 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:	0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:	0 cu m (2005)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	184.7 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance:	$113 million (2006 est.)
Exports:	$39.94 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports - commodities:	crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes
Exports - partners:	US 21.2%, Japan 12.3%, Australia 9.4%, China 5.7%, Germany 4.5% (2006)
Imports:	$40.56 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports - commodities:	machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Imports - partners:	China 17.7%, Singapore 12.9%, Taiwan 11.5%, Japan 9.8%, South Korea 8.4%, Thailand 7.3%, Malaysia 4.2% (2006)
Economic aid - recipient:	$1.905 billion in credits and grants pledged by the 2006 Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$13.59 billion (2006 est.)
Debt - external:	$20.92 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:	$26.27 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:	$NA
Market value of publicly traded shares:	$NA
Currency (code):	dong (VND)
Exchange rates:	dong per US dollar - 15,983 (2006), 15,746 (2005), (2004), 15,510 (2003), 15,280 (2002)
Fiscal year:	calendar year

Communications

Vietnam

Top of Page

Telephones - main lines in use:	15.845 million (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	15.505 million (2006)
Telephone system:	general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; main lines have been substantially increased, and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly international: country code - 84; satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)
Television broadcast stations:	6 (plus 61 provincial TV stations) (2006)
Internet country code:	.vn
Internet hosts:	106,772 (2007)
Internet users:	14.684 million (2006)

Transportation

Vietnam

Airports:	44 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 37 over 3,047 m: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 10 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2007)
Heliports:	1 (2007)
Pipelines:	condensate/gas 432 km; gas 163 km; oil 50 km; refined products 206 km (2006)
Railways:	total: 2,600 km standard gauge: 178 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 2,169 km 1.000-m gauge dual gauge: 253 km three-rail track combining 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (2006)
Roadways:	total: 222,179 km paved: 42,167 km unpaved: 180,012 km (2004)
Waterways:	17,702 km (5,000 km navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft) (2005)
Merchant marine:	total: 314 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,739,927 GRT/2,681,003 DWT by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 26, cargo 238, chemical tanker 7, container 6, liquefied gas 6, petroleum tanker 26, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1 registered in other countries: 33 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Honduras 1, South Korea 1, Liberia 3, Mongolia 14, Panama 10, Tuvalu 3, unknown 2) (2007)
Ports and terminals:	Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City

Military

Vietnam

Military branches:	People's Armed Forces: People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (includes People's Navy Command (with naval infantry, coast guard), Air and Air Defense Force (Kon Quan Nhan Dan), Border Defense Command), People's Public Security Forces, Militia Force, Self-Defense Forces (2005)
Military service age and obligation:	18 years of age (male) for compulsory military service; females may volunteer for active duty military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (3 to 4 years in the navy); 18-45 years of age (male) or 18-40 years of age (female) for Militia Force or Self Defense Forces (2006)
Manpower available for military service:	males age 18-49: 21,341,813 females age 18-49: 21,430,808 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 16,032,358 females age 18-49: 17,921,241 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:	males age 18-49: 915,572 females age 18-49: 864,161 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	2.5% (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues

Vietnam

Disputes - international:

southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over the sovereignty of offshore islands; demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004, implementation has been delayed; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Illicit drugs:

minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; government continues to face domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems despite longstanding crackdowns More with Trafest Michael Cherito - + 84.903454427. Email : trafest@trafest.com www.trafest.com